Motivation | Example portfolio | Inspect observations within a radius | Calculate fixed-radius sums around target locations | Identify a concentration hotspot | Reporting by polygon | Practical considerations | Relation to circle placement problems

1. Start with portfolio experience | 2. Assess large losses | 3. Translate continuous factors into tariff segments | 4. Fit and interpret a GLM | 5. Refine tariff effects when needed | 6. Validate model behaviour | Typical workflow | Next steps

Introduction | Data | Step 1 — Portfolio analysis | Factor analysis | Basic factor analysis | Visualising factor behaviour | Step 2 — Continuous variables | Why continuous variables are treated separately | Analysing the shape with a GAM | Deriving tariff segments | Adding tariff segments to the data | Step 3 — Model estimation | Why GLMs are used | Frequency model | Severity model | Constructing a premium proxy | Step 4 — Premium model | Fitting a premium model | Step 5 — Interpreting coefficients | Rating table | Visualising coefficients | Step 6 — Model evaluation | Model performance | Bootstrap performance | Step 7 — From model to tariff | Summary | Next steps

Introduction | Example setup | Step 1 — Comparative model performance | Step 2 — Coefficient inspection | Step 3 — Predictive stability | Step 4 — Dispersion checks | Step 5 — Residual diagnostics | Step 6 — Portfolio-level structure | Validation in context | Summary | Next steps

Introduction | When refinement can help | Example setup | The refinement object | Smoothing | Purpose | Adding smoothing | Inspecting smoothing before refit | Choosing a smoothing method | Restrictions | Adding restrictions | Inspecting restrictions before refit | Expert-based relativities | Adding relativities | Refit | Why refit is required | Inspecting the final fitted result | Visualising the final structure | Model data and rating grids | Complete example | Legacy interface | Summary | Next steps

Introduction | Data | Join values to geometries | Choropleth map | Relation to concentration analysis | Summary